Dive and surfacing characteristics of bowhead whales (<i>Balaena mysticetus</i>) in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We received data from eight bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) equipped with satellite-monitored radio tags for 3-33 days. Of 42 306 dives made by the eight whales during 1695 h, 9573 were sounding dives (>1 min duration). The mean duration of sounding dives for individuals varied from 6.9 to 14.1 min (mean = 10.4 ± 2.4 min, n = 8). Five whales made dives [Formula: see text]61 min; the longest dives for the other three lasted 56, 45, and 32 min. Five tags measured maximum depths of 29 499 dives during 1220 h and time at depth during 1228 h. All five whales dived >100 m; the deepest dive was 352 m. Whales spent most of their time at depths [Formula: see text]16 m, but three whales spent most of their time at depths >48 m during some sampling periods. Mean surfacing rates ranged from 18.2 to 47.0/h (mean = 26.2 ± 9.0/h, n = 8). Tags were exposed to air for 4.0-7.3% of the time (mean = 5.5 ± 0.95%, n = 8), and whales were potentially visible from aircraft for 8.5-16.4% of the time (mean = 11.1 ± 2.4%, n = 8). Three whales made longer sounding dives and had lower surfacing rates when in [Formula: see text]90% ice cover. No consistent diel patterns were found.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".