Enhanced Gas Recovery: Factors Affecting Gas-Gas Displacement Efficiency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper is a part of a series of papers on results of Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR) research conducted at the Alberta Research Council during 2003–2007. In this Joint Industry Project (JIP), the soundness of the concept of gas-gas displacement for enhancing gasrecovery was investigated via laboratory investigations, compositional modeling and economic analyses. The results of Phase I, gas/gas displacement tests conducted at relative high pressure and temperature (70 °C and 6.2 MPa) in 4 cm diameter 30 cm long Berea core were recently reported1,2. In the second phase (2004–2005) of the JIP, the main targets were low pressure volumetric (closed) reservoirs, in advanced stages of exploitation and also, gas bearing strata overlaying oil sand intervals. Pressure maintenance of a depleting gas reservoir by waste gas injection can serve to (1) arrest the decline in gas production rate, prevent pre-mature well abandonment and increase ultimate recovery (2) discourage the advance of aquifer (ifpresent) into the gas zone, and (3) in the case of "Gas-Over- Bitumen" situations, mitigate declining reservoir pressure during natural gas production to enable exploitation of the underlying oil sands. One example of a field application of this EGR technology was the GRIPE Project operated by Paramount Resources during 2005–2006. A series of gas/gas displacement tests was conducted at room temperature and at pressures between 0.7–3.5 MPa in the presence of connate water in 4 cm diameter × 2 m long sand-packs. Experimental parameters, such as nature of the injection gas, displacement pressure and displacement rate were systematically varied to study their effect on the displacement efficiency. Numerical simulations of the experimental results were also conducted to gain better understanding of the interrelationship between the different variables. The laboratory results showed that, during low velocity displacement of methane by flue gas in a homogeneous linear sandpack, molecular diffusion has a dominating effect on the recovery ofmarketable methane. Reasonable values of molecular diffusion coefficient for different gas/gas displacement conditions were obtained by matching the experimental test results with numerical simulation. In spite of anticipated adverse effects of mixing between displaced and displacing gas due to molecular diffusion under low pressure and low flow velocity conditions, incremental recoveries of marketable methane under the experimental conditions were encouraging and suggest that EGR by gas-gas displacement can prolong the productive life and increase natural gas recovery from many volumetric gas reservoirs. Introduction Alberta currently has about 42,000 gas pools, which are in different stages of exploitation and many of them are approaching the end of their production life. The main goal for the second phase of our Joint Industry Project was to investigate enhanced gas recovery from low pressure volumetric (closed) reservoirs, in advanced stage of exploitation and also, from gas bearing strata overlaying oil sand intervals. Pressure maintenance of a depleting gas reservoir by waste gas injection can serve to (1) arrest the decline in gas production rate, prevent pre-mature well abandonment and increase ultimate recovery (2) discourage the advance of aquifer (if present) into the gas zone, and (3) in the case of "Gas-Over-Bitumen" situations, mitigate declining reservoir pressure during natural gas production to enable exploitation of the underlying oil sands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".