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Record W4235561815 · doi:10.1353/can.2010.0005

War’s Long Shadow: Masculinity, Medicine, and the Gendered Politics of Trauma, 1914–1939

2010· article· en· W4235561815 on OpenAlexvenueaboutno aff
Mark Humphries

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Historical Review · 2010
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicCanadian Identity and History
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMasculinityBattlefieldDenialPsychologyPoliticsCriminologyPsychiatryGender studiesMedicineLawSociologyHistoryPolitical sciencePsychoanalysis

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

War is an inherently traumatizing experience, and during the First World War more than 15,000 Canadian soldiers were diagnosed with some form of war-related psychological wounds. Many more went unrecognized. Yet the very act of seeking an escape from the battlefield or applying for a postwar pension for psychological traumas transgressed masculine norms that required men to be aggressive, self-reliant, and un-emotional. Using newly available archival records, contemporary medical periodicals, doctors’ notes, and patient interview transcripts, this paper examines two crises that arose from this conflict between idealized masculinity and the emotional reality of war trauma. The first came on the battlefield in 1916 when, in some cases, almost half the soldiers evacuated from the front were said to be suffering from emotional breakdowns. The second came later, during the Great Depression, when a significant number of veterans began to seek compensation for their psychological injuries. In both crises, doctors working in the service of the state constructed trauma as evidence of deviance, in order to parry a larger challenge to masculine ideals. In creating this link between war trauma and deviance, they reinforced a residual conception of welfare that used tests of morals and means to determine who was deserving or undeserving of state assistance. At a time when the Canadian welfare state was being transformed in response to the needs of veterans and their families, doctors’ denial that ‘real men’ could legitimately exhibit psychosomatic symptoms in combat meant that thousands of legitimately traumatized veterans were left uncompensated by the state and were constructed as inferior, feminized men. La guerre est une expérience profondément traumatisante et, durant la Première Guerre mondiale, on a diagnostiqué chez plus de 15 000 soldats canadiens diverses formes de problêmes psychologiques liés au combat. De nombreux autres soldats n’ont pas eu cette chance. Le simple fait de chercher à fuir le champ de bataille ou de demander une pension d’après-guerre pour des séquelles psychologiques posttraumatiques allait à l’encontre des normes de comportement masculin qui voulaient que les hommes soient agressifs, autonomes, et sans signes d’émotivité. Àl’aide d’archives nouvellement disponibles, de périodiques médicaux de l’époque, de notes de médecins, et de transcriptions d’entrevues avec des patients, le présent article analyse deux crises qui ont découlé de ce conflit entre cet idéal de la masculinité et la réalite émotive liée à des événements traumatisants de la guerre. La première crise s’est produite sur le champ de bataille en 1916, où parfois presque la moitié des soldats évacués du front se retrouvaient en état de détresse psychologique. La deuxième s’est déclarée plus tard, pendant la Crise de 1929, où un nombre important de vétérans ont commencé à demander une compensation financières pour leurs blessures psychologiques. Dans les deux cas, les médecins travaillant au service de l’État ont interprété le traumatisme comme une preuve de comportement déviant empêchaient une remise en question de fond des idéaux. En tissant ce lien entre le traumatisme en temps de guerre et la déviance, ils se trouvent à renforcer une conception dépassée de l’assistance sociale où l’on soumettait les patients à des tests d’évaluation morale et les moyens de déterminer qui méritait ou ne méritait pas l’aide de l’État. En cette période où l’état de l’assistance sociale était en mutation au Canada en réponse aux besoins des vétérans et de leurs familles, le refus des médecins de croire que les ‘vrais hommes’ puissent présenter de façon légitime des symptômes psychosomatiques au combat signifie que des milliers de vétérans véritablement traumatisés ont été laissés sans compensation par l’État, et qu’on les a perçus comme des hommes inférieurs et efféminés.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.294
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.002
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.040
GPT teacher head0.279
Teacher spread0.238 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations5
Published2010
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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