Bibliographic record
Abstract
Linear-bladed ('Vallisneria americana'), whorled (' Elodea canadensis'), and dissected ('Ceratophyllum demersum ') leaf morphologies occur convergently in aquatic plants. It is likely that fluid dynamics have had an effect on plant morphology, by acting on exchange processes at low flows and drag forces at higher flows. These species were examined using flow visualization and digital imagery at five velocities (1-11 cms-1) in a flume. Results indicated that in terms of fluid retention, 'Elodea' and 'Vallisneria ' acted like a cylinder, whereas 'Ceratophyllum' acted like a mesh. Transitional flows occurred at lower velocities than the cylinder, indicating an increase in local mixing. However, this was reversed when the internodal spacing was increased experimentally for 'Elodea' and 'Ceratophyllum'. This reduction in plant-flow interaction would allow these plants to remain erect in a relatively low energy environment. These results suggest that the flow environment has influenced the plasticity of leaf types and the evolution of macrophyte form in general.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".