Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leaders' authority is usually justified as divinely ordained. The rationalist social contract theory justified it as resting on consent. Empirical study began with anti‐rationalist Romanticism. Hegel's theory of master and slave presents society as a pecking order. It renders social stability partial. Hegel ascribed the top authority to global leadership that moves from nation to nation. Émile Durkheim deemed the laws of the land as sanctioning the leadership whose task is unifying the nation. Max Weber saw the state as a monopoly of violence and deemed its leadership irrational (religion and charisma) though he allowed it rationality (as social contract of sorts). The Devlin–Hart debate on the rational source of authority failed. A new philosophy is more promising, heralded by Russell and more so by Popper. It deems that legal authority is rational not because it has this or that foundation, but because it is under constant democratic surveillance which forces leaders to improve.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.036 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".