Stratospheric ozone measurements at Arosa (Switzerland): History and scientific relevance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. In 1926 the stratospheric ozone measurements of the Light Climatic Observatory (LKO) of Arosa (Switzerland) started, marking the start of the world's longest total (or column) ozone measurements. These measurements were driven by the recognition of the importance of atmospheric ozone for human health as well as by scientific curiosity in this by then not well characterized atmospheric trace gas. Since the mid-1970s ground-based measurements of stratospheric ozone have also been justified to society by the need to document the effects of anthropogenic Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs), which cause stratospheric ozone depletion. Levels of ODSs peaked around the mid-1990s as a result of a global environmental policy to protect the ozone layer implemented by the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments and adjustments. Consequently, chemical ozone depletion caused by ODSs stopped worsening around the mid-1990s. This renders justification for continued ozone measurements more difficult, and is likely to do so even more in future, when stratospheric ozone recovery is expected. Tendencies of increased cost savings in ozone measurements seem perceptible worldwide, also in Arosa. However, the large natural variability in ozone on diurnal, seasonal and interannual scales complicates to demonstrate the success of the Montreal Protocol. Moreover, chemistry-climate models predict a “super-recovery” of the ozone layer in the second half of this century, i.e. an increase of ozone concentrations beyond pre-1970 levels, as a consequence of ongoing climate change. This paper presents the evolution of the ozone layer and the history of international ozone research and discusses the justification of these measurements for past, present and future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".