Combined Granular Activated Carbon And UV/H₂O₂Processes For The Treatment Of Pharmaceutical Wastewater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater was performed at the lab scale using UV/H₂O₂, process granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption and their combination to investigate the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency for different inlet TOC loadings and treatment times. Experimental study revealed that GAC adsorption alone had 81% efficiency in TOC removal in 10 min breakthrough time for flow rate of 0.6 L/min with granular activated carbon dosage of 333.33 mgActivated Carbon/L whereas UV/H₂O₂ process alone showed 26 and 29% TOC reduction at with 21.7 g/LH₂O₂ concentration with 254 and 185 nm wavelength lamps a 6 h hydraulic retention time, respectively, with average feed concentration (TOC) of 1,7555.75 mgC/L and COD of 5,214.6 mg/L at 25 ± 5°C. Experimental results showed that the optimum H₂O₂ dosage for the UV/H₂O₂ process was 1:2 stoichiometric COD: H₂O₂ molar ratio to achieve up to 26 and 29% TOC reduction efficiency than that at pH 12.01 which resulted 15-20% TOC reduction efficiency. The Bohart-Adams rate constants (K) and maximum adsorption capacity of carbon (N) from column breakthrough studies for synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater at 81% were found to be 7.10 x 10⁻³ L/(min.mgC) and 1.06 x 10³ mgC/L, respectively. In combined processes, it was found that GAC adsorption followed by desorption of contaminants from GAC by steam and UV₂₅₄/H₂O₂ treatment of the condensed steam let to 81% of TOC removal from the wastewater. Out of 358.73 mgC/L of TOC desorbed 88.1% of TOC was degraded in the UV₂₅₄/H₂O₂ treatment was degradation. Total operating cost of GAC adsortpion followed by desorption of contaminants from GAC by steam and UV₂₅₄/H₂O₂ treatment of condensed steam were found to be $11/L. While the pre-treated wastewater by UV₂₅₄H₂O₂ treatment followed by GAC adsorption, along the desorption of contaminants from GAC using steam and UV₂₅₄/H₂O₂ treatment of the condensed steam, let to an overall 81% TOC removal and 75.1% of TOC degradation using UV₂₅₄/H₂O₂ process. The cost of this combined treatment was found to be $6/L of wastewater treated which led to an economical saving of $5/L with respect to the combined TOC removal and degradation efficiency achieved. The savings predictions were achieved due to the less carbon dosage requirement and ability of UV/H₂O₂ process to degrade the TOC present in the wastewater. Based on single and combined treatments, the minimum total cost and time for 81% TOC removal were determined for the combination of UV₂₅₄/H₂O₂ treatment followed by GAC adsorption, along with desorption of contaminants from GAC using steam and UV₂₅₄/H₂O₂ treatment of the condensed steam. The overall minimum cost and minimum time were found to be $6/L of wastewater treated and 114.5 h, respectively. The treatment parameters and conditions for treating 30 L of the synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater were at an average feed concentration of TOC = 1,755.75 mgC/L and COD = 5,214.6 mg/L leading to TOC = 333.5 mgC/L of the effluent concentration which was near to the industrial effluent disposal level in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".