Bibliographic record
Abstract
James E.K. Parker, Towards an Acoustic Jurisprudence: Law and the Long Range Acoustic Device, Law, Culture and the Humanities (LCH). DOI: 10.1177/1743872115615502 The following corrections have been made to the article: Under heading III.1, another paragraph has been added. This paragraph begins ‘Whereas normal loudspeaker works…’ Under heading III.2, a paragraph has been edited: ‘In effect, what ATC did with the LRAD…’ Under heading III.2, the first sentence of the last paragraph has been expanded to clarify that the G-20 summit was held in Pittsburgh: The LRAD seems to have been used by police for the first time in Georgia in 2007, before receiving its first and most notorious outing on American soil in September 2009 at protests relating to the G-20 Summit being held in Pittsburgh. 66 Under heading III.4, the sentence below in the second paragraph has been changed as follows: The law of property provides the conditions for the circulation and ownership of knowledge that enable developments in the science of acoustics at a US university in the 1950s to re-emerge as failed commercial prototypes in Japan in the 1980s only to be taken up again in 1996 by ACT before being patented, trademarked and marketed first as HSS ® and then as the LRAD. 82 Under heading III.4, the following has been added to the end of the paragraph ‘If the LRAD was originally imagined…’: Not that the presiding judge in the Toronto case would know however. In his discussion of a deposition by Professor David Wood, of Queen’s University, relating to ‘videos posted on the internet’ documenting the LRAD’s use at Pittsburgh, Justice Brown notes that, ‘unfortunately, Professor Wood did not attach any of those media reports or videos as exhibits to his affidavit. As a result, I cannot attach any weight to his statements.’ 93 Indeed, it’s not clear that any recordings of an LRAD in action were ever actually played in court. As far as I know, the LRAD has yet to feature in the ‘judicial soundscape’. In the conclusion the word ‘copyright’ has been replaced with ‘intellectual property’: The LRAD is the product of diverse institutions, jurisdictions and areas of doctrine, stretching from the law of intellectual property through the law of war to constitutional and labor law. The references and reference numbers have been updated accordingly. All the subsequent versions of the article will be corrected.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.039 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.454 | 0.411 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".