The Effect of Reservoir Wettability on the Production Characteristics of the VAPEX Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Effect of Reservoir Wettability on the Production Characteristics of the VAPEX Process N.. Rezaei; N.. Rezaei University of Waterloo Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar O.. Mohammadzadeh; O.. Mohammadzadeh University of Waterloo Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar R.. Parsaei; R.. Parsaei University of Waterloo Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar I.. Chatzis I.. Chatzis University of Waterloo Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, April 2010. Paper Number: SPE-130096-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/130096-MS Published: April 24 2010 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Rezaei, N.. , Mohammadzadeh, O.. , Parsaei, R.. , and I.. Chatzis. "The Effect of Reservoir Wettability on the Production Characteristics of the VAPEX Process." Paper presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, April 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/130096-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference Search Advanced Search Abstract Based on the pore-level visual investigation results of vapor extraction (VAPEX) process in etched glass micromodels, two major pore-scale recovery mechanisms were found responsible in the drainage of live oil, namely, 1) the drainage type displacement mechanism of gas invasion in a pore filled with oil and 2) the film flow drainage mechanism in the corners of pore space invaded by gas. Inspired by the role of film flow drainage in the recovery performance and production history of the VAPEX process, wettability was expected to play a profound role in the drainage of live oil by the stated mechanisms. Therefore, we examined the impact of fractional wettability on production characteristics of a VAPEX process at a macro scale. Conventional VAPEX experiments were conducted in a 220 Darcy random packing of glass beads in a rectangular physical model and used n-pentane to recover the Cold Lake bitumen from the oil saturated model. The composition of packed bed was changed from completely water-wet glass beads to completely oil-wet treated glass beads, at different compositions obtained by mixture design. It was found that the live oil production substantially increased (35-40%) from water-wet conditions to the extreme case of oil-wet conditions. A percolation threshold at about 65% oil-wet composition (35% water-wet) was found, after which the live oil production rate during VAPEX process did not change with further increase in the volume fraction of oil-wet beads. The production rate of VAPEX linearly decreased with increasing the volume fraction of water-wet beads over the 30% value in a random packing. It is believed that above the percolation composition, the oil-wet regions dominate the film flow process as there will be a continuity of high conductivity film through oil-wet regions, as a result of thicker (in size) bulk oil films between particles. The solvent content, the solvent-to-oil ratio (SOR), and the residual oil saturation did not correlate to the wetting composition of packing. The values obtained for solvent content were 47-49% (g/g), for the SOR 0.9-0.95 (g/g) and for the residual oil saturation 7-to-10 % of pore volume. Keywords: production rate, oil-wet bead, vapex process, oil production rate, gas injection method, residual oil saturation, mechanism, drainage, enhanced recovery, bitumen Subjects: Improved and Enhanced Recovery, Gas-injection methods Copyright 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".