Bibliographic record
Abstract
The closing decades of the twentieth century brought a rising and sustained critique of the welfare institutions of the modern state – one largely left-wing in origins but increasingly taken over and voiced by the radical right. Professions which professed to be ‘enabling’ were, claimed a rising chorus of critics, ‘disabling’. Social services which presented themselves as benign were, in reality, ‘insidious’, serving the interests of providers not consumers, promoting professional dominance, policing deviance and intensifying the social control required to ensure the smooth running of multinational capitalist corporations – or, in the right-wing version, such institutions were wasting tax-payers' money on scroungers and so encouraging malingering. Unsurprisingly, such political critiques of ‘welfarism’ (in its widest sense) spawned histories of their own. Replacing various kinds of Fabian, ‘Whig’ or celebratory historical interpretations which had treated the emergence of the ‘caring professions’ and social-security institutions as beneficial and progressive – as shifts from neglect to administrative attention, from cruelty to care, and from ignorance to expertise – a new brand of studies took altogether a more negative or jaundiced view of such social institutions and policies, and sought to blow their benevolent ideological cover. In no field were the new and critical histories more critical, indeed more indignantly impassioned, than the history of psychiatry. Traditional ‘in-house’ and Whig histories of the care of the insane had never been particularly triumphalist – after all, psychiatry had always been a house divided against itself, uneasy in its stance towards both the public and the medical profession at large, and aware of its embarrassing want of ‘magic bullets’.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.342 | 0.163 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".