Underground Energy Storage Utilizing Concrete Building Foundation: Experimental and Numerical Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Space heating and cooling represents 63% of total building energy demand. In the present study, the concept of concrete foundation piles was used as an underground storage medium. This system requires no additional drilling costs or space, unlike conventional boreholes. A lab-scaled experiment facility was designed to experimentally investigate the thermal response of a concrete pile during the charging and discharging processes. The amount of energy stored and released during each process was evaluated. A flow rate parametric study was also conducted to explore the effect of the laminar and turbulent flow behaviour. In order to complement the experimental study, an extensive CFD model was developed and compared with the experimental data. There was good agreement between the numerical and experimental results for each process at different flow rates. The results revealed that increasing the flow rate increases not only the heat rejection and extraction but also the storage efficiency. Keywords: borehole, energy pile, thermal storage, thermal response, ground source heat pump
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".