Onset of Convection of CO-Sequestration in Deep Inclined Saline Aquifers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract CO2-sequestration in deep geological formations has been suggested as an option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Saline aquifers are one of the most promising options for carbon dioxide storage. It has been investigated that if the layer of aquifer is deep enough, at depths more than 800 meters, dissolution of CO2 into brine causes density of the mixture to increase. If the corresponding Rayleigh number of the porous medium is enough to initiate convection currents, the rate of dissolution will increase. Early time dissolution of CO2 in brine is mainly dominated by molecular diffusion while the late time dissolution is predominantly governed by convective mixing mechanism. In this paper, linear stability analysis of densitydriven miscible flow for carbon dioxide sequestration in deep inclined saline aquifers is presented. The effect of inclination and its influence on the pattern of convection cells has been investigated and the results are compared with the horizontal layer. The current analysis provides approximations for initial wavelength of the convective instabilities and onset of convection that help in selecting suitable candidates for geological CO2 sequestration sites. Introduction Carbon dioxide sequestration is the capture and safe storage of carbon dioxide that would otherwise emit to the atmosphere. Sequestration refers to any storage scheme that can keep CO2 out of the atmosphere [1]. In general, storage sites of carbon dioxide can be divided into two categories, geological sites and marine sites. Carbon dioxide sequestration in deep geological formations has been suggested as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Geologic sequestration of CO2 is the capture of CO2 from major sources, transporting it usually by pipeline, and injecting it into underground formations such as oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifers, and unmineable coal seams for geologically significant period of time [2, 3]. Unlike coal bed methane reserves and oil reservoirs, sequestration of CO2 in deep saline aquifers does not produce value-added by-products, but it has other advantages. While there are uncertainties, the world's total capacity to store CO2 deep underground is large [4]. They are generally unused and are available in many parts of the world [5]. It has been estimated that deep saline formations in the United States could potentially store up to 500 billion tones of CO2. Most existing large CO2 point sources are within easy access to a saline formation injection point, and therefore sequestration in saline formations is compatible with a strategy of transforming large portions of the existing energy and industrial assets to near-zero carbon emissions via low-cost carbon sequestration retrofits [3]. However, it is important to investigate the behavior of CO2 injected into aquifers for effective and safe use of storage. Geological storage of CO2 as a greenhouse gas mitigation option was proposed in the 1970s [6], but little research was done until the early 1990s, when the idea gained credibility through the work of individual research groups [7–10]. When CO2 is injected into the formation above its critical temperature and pressure the density of supercritical carbon dioxide is usually less than brine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".