A model for underwater sound levels generated by marine impact pile driving
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Marine impact pile driving generates very high underwater sound pressures, which can harm aquatic life. Environmental assessments for pile driving projects typically require acoustic impact zones for marine mammals and fish to be estimated in advance. A computer model that predicts the radiated acoustic field from impact driving of cylindrical piles has been developed. A lumped-mass model of the hammer, which predicts the force generated at the top of the pile, is coupled to a 1-D finite-difference model of radial and axial stress waves in a cylindrical pile. The radiated pressure is computed by matching the velocity boundary condition at the pile wall using a superposition of monopole sources distributed over the length of the pile in a layered 2-D fluid medium. The transfer function for the monopoles is computed using the near-field Hankel transform for radial particle velocity at the pile wall. Standard ocean acoustic modeling techniques are used to compute the Mach wave propagating away from the pile. The model considers the physical characteristics of the pile-hammer system, such as the hammer energy, pile dimensions, sediment properties, and pile-hammer impedance ratio. The model's predictions are compared to field measurements obtained in a riverine environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".