Bibliographic record
Abstract
As of the late 1980s, approximately 100 million people were resident outside their nations of current citizenship. Roughly 35 million were in sub-Sahara Africa alone and approximately 13–15 million each in the prosperous regions of Western Europe and North America. Another 15 million or so were in the Middle East or Asia (Russell and Teitelbaum 1992; 1, 9). The United Nations estimates that over 60 million people, or 1.2 percent of the world’s population, now reside in a country where they were not born (United Nations 1989: 61). Although most immigrants choose a traditional destination (over one-half go to the United States, Canada or Australia), many other countries are also receiving relatively large immigrant flows, including Germany, Switzerland, France and the United Kingdom. Of the total number of immigrants, as of 1993, about 18 million were refugees, most of whom were located in Africa and Asia, up from 8 million in 1980 and 2.5 million in 1970 ( The Economist , 23 December 1989: 17; The Economist , 13 November 1993: 45).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.165 | 0.056 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".