Mitigation of Azathioprine-induced Testicular Atrophy by Taurine; An Impact on Inflammation, Oxidative Perturbations and Apoptosis
Post-publication record
Source: Retraction Watch, joined by DOI. OpenAlex records retraction as is_retracted, a boolean over a state space with at least four values, so it cannot express an expression of concern, a correction or a reinstatement; it reports them as false, which reads as “fine”.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA) is an effective anticancer drug, but some cases of testicular toxicity have been reported.The aim of this work was to investigate the protective effects of taurine (TAU), a reported antioxidant and antiinflammtory peptide, against AZA-induced testicular dysfunction in male rats and ascertain the contributing mechanisms.Forty adult male rats were allocated into four equal groups; (i) normal control rats, (ii) TAU group (100 mg/kg b.w/ day for ten weeks, (iii) AZA group (10 mg/day for four weeks); (iv) TAU/AZA group.As expected, AZA caused increased DNA damage in the testes, and alterations in sex hormones and sperm quality, including sperm count, viability, and motility.Moreover, testicular tissue from the AZA-treated group had increased levels of oxidative stress indicators, MDA, and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and decreased activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT).These deleterious events were accompanied by upregulated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and proapoptotic marker; caspase-9, together with decreased Bcl-2 expression.In contrast, TAU pretreatment significantly abrogated these toxic effects which were confirmed histologically.Conclusively, pretreatment with TAU exerts a protective effect against AZA-induced male reproductive testicular atrophy.This finding could open new avenues for the use of TAU as a complementary approach to chemotherapy supportive care.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".