Evaluation of NaCl and MgCl2 heat exchange fluids in a deep binary geothermal system in a sedimentary halite formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Halite formations are attractive geothermal reservoirs due to their high heat conductivity, resulting in higher temperatures than other formations at similar depths. However, halite formations are highly reactive with undersaturated water. An understanding of the geochemical reactions that occur within a halite-saturated formations can inform decision making regarding well construction, prevention of well clogging, formation dissolution, and thermal short-circuiting. Numerical 1-D and 3-D flow and equilibrium reactive transport modeling were used to characterize the produced NaCl-brine in a well targeting a halite-saturated formation. The potential for inhibition of precipitation and dissolution using an MgCl 2 -brine and NaCl+MgCl 2 -brine were also investigated. Within the injection well, with heating from 60 to 120°C, the solubility of halite decreases resulting in the potential dissolution of 0.57 mol L -1 at the formation. Cooling from 120 to 100°C in the production well results in precipitation of 0.20 mol L -1 halite as well as anhydrite, brucite, carnallite, goergeyite, gypsum, halite, kieserite and polyhalite. Introduction of Mg 2+ into the heat exchange brine resulted in a decreased potential for dissolution by 0.35 mol L -1 as the heat exchange fluid entered the formation and within the formation itself, as well as decreased precipitation within the production well, compared to the NaCl-brine. The NaCl-brine solubility was altered by changes in pressure up to 0.18 mol L -1 . This indicates that designing and monitoring the composition of heat exchange fluids in highly saline environments is an important component in geothermal project design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".