Seasonal Ammonia Emissions from a Free-Stall Dairy in Central Texas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies show that agricultural and animal feeding operations (AFOs) contribute a considerable amount of ammonia (NH 3 ) to the atmosphere.Agricultural NH 3 emissions are recognized as an important air quality issue.Biological decomposition of manure from dairy operations results in emissions of NH 3 and other gases.There is a need to determine NH 3 emission factors (EFs) to compile annual NH 3 inventories.NH 3 emissions should be estimated from different ground-level area sources (GLAS) including open-lots (cows on earthen corrals), free-stalls (cows in barns), manure composting sites, primary and secondary lagoons, separated solids, and milking parlors.A protocol using flux chambers was used to determine NH 3 EFs from different GLAS of a free-stall dairy in central Texas.Data including NH 3 emissions from GLAS were collected during winter and summer seasons.NH 3 concentration measurements were made using chemiluminescence-based analyzers.The EFs for the free-stall dairy were estimated as 11 Ϯ 4.9 (confidence interval [CI]) kg-NH 3 ⅐ yr Ϫ1 ⅐ head Ϫ1 for summer and 4.7 Ϯ 4.9 kg-NH 3 ⅐ yr Ϫ1 ⅐ head Ϫ1 for winter.The estimated annual NH 3 EF was 8.4 Ϯ 4.9 kg-NH 3 ⅐ yr Ϫ1 ⅐ head Ϫ1 for this free-stall dairy.This seasonal difference was attributed to temperature, loading rate of dairy waste, and manure bacterial activity of GLAS.In winter, composted manure and free-stalls contributed nearly 77% of the total NH 3 emissions for the dairy; however, in summer, two lagoons at the dairy contributed 65% of the overall NH 3 emissions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".