Biosorption of Cd²+ and Cu²+ onto wheat straw using batch and continuous fixed-bed column systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biosorption of Cd²+ and Cu²+ by wheat straw (Triticum Sativum) using a batch system and a continuous upflow mode in a fixed bed column was studied. For batch system, the effect of pH over a range from 3.0 to 7.0 and the temperature from 20 to 40ºC on the metal removal was investigated. Various initial metal concentrations from 20 to 150 mg/L were used. Adsorption of metal ions was observed to increase with liquid pH and temperature. Among the three widely used isotherms, namely the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Timken models, the experimental data better fitted the Langmuir isotherm model. For the continuous upflow mode in a fixed bed (4-inch diameter), experiments were performed over a range of flow rate from 0.3-1.0 LPM and varied bed height of 0.5-2.0m. The results obtained also agree (BDST) model. In addition, for estimations of the parameters that are necessary for the design of a fixed bed adsorber in paractical application, the experimental data were fitted to the Thomas, Adams-Bohart, Yan and Yoon-Nelson models. Thomas model appeared to describe the experimental results well. Mathematical model was developed to simulate the concentration changes at the experimental time instances.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".