The Expression of Autophagy-Related Genes Atg9a and Atg9b in Normally Developing and Arresting Porcine Conceptuses on Gestational Days 20 and 50
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Livestock productivity can be severely compromised by low fertility due to conceptus loss. Prenatal mortality is of particular concern in swine reproduction. Conceptus loss in pigs occurs mainly in early pregnancy (a primary loss of ~30%) but also during the mid-gestation period (a second loss of ~20%). Autophagy is a degradation system that controls the clearance and reuse of intracellular constituents as well as balancing the sources of energy in times of development and stress. There is compelling evidence to suggest that autophagy plays a role in embryogenesis and pregnancy-allied complications in mammalian species. Hence, the objective of the present experiment was to determine the expression of autophagy-related genes Atg9a and Atg9b in the endometrial and trophoblast tissues of healthy and arresting porcine conceptuses on gestational days 20 (gd20) and 50 (gd50). Relative mRNA expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were quantified by Western blot and densitometric analyses. Atg9a mRNA expression was greater (P < 0.05) in the trophoblast from arresting (AT) compared with healthy embryos (HT) on gd20, while Atg9b mRNA expression was greater (P < 0.05) in AT than in HT on gd50. No protein expression was detected with the Western blots of both Atg9 proteins in trophoblast tissue samples on either of the two gestational days except for low levels of Atg9a protein expression in AT samples on gd20; there were no significant differences in Atg9 protein content between tissues and gestational days in the sows of the present study. On the basis of variations in Atg9 mRNA levels in the trophoblast, in can be proposed that the autophagy system is mainly involved in the autoregulation of porcine embryonic/fetal development. Further studies are needed to elucidate the specific roles of intrauterine Atg9 genes and their products throughout porcine pregnancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".