Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ozone is an irritating and corrosive gas made up of three oxygen atoms (O3). A small amount of what is often termed “bad ozone” is found near the Earth's surface, where it functions as a dangerous pollutant and is a key component of photochemical smog. Fortunately, most ozone is found in the atmosphere, specifically in a region called the stratosphere that extends between 15 and 35 km above the Earth's surface. This column of “good ozone,” which constitutes the ozone layer, acts as a barrier or shield that absorbs 97–99 percent of the sun's high‐frequency ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone is constantly being made and destroyed in the stratosphere. In an unpolluted atmosphere, this cycle of production and destruction tends toward equilibrium. But chemical analyses undertaken in the late 1960s suggested that various substances emitted by human activities can disrupt the balance and eat away at the ozone column. Clearly, ozone depletion is a worldwide problem which does not respect national boundaries. Scientists believe that a significant decrease in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer could lead to a number of harmful global effects that include:
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.052 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".