Wettability Determination of the Crude Oil−Reservoir Brine−Reservoir Rock System with Dissolution of CO <sub>2</sub> at High Pressures and Elevated Temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental method has been developed to determine the wettability, i.e., the contact angle, of the crude oil−reservoir brine−reservoir rock system with dissolution of CO 2 at high pressures and elevated temperatures, using the axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) technique for the sessile drop case. In the experiment, a see-through windowed high-pressure cell is prefilled with reservoir brine to submerge the reservoir rock. Subsequently, CO 2 is slowly injected through the brine phase to pressurize the system to a prespecified pressure at a constant temperature. After the CO 2 −reservoir brine system reaches the equilibrium state, a crude oil sample is introduced by using a specially designed syringe delivery system to form a sessile oil drop on the reservoir rock inside the pressure cell. The sequential images of the dynamic sessile oil drop are acquired and analyzed by applying computer-aided image acquisition and processing techniques to measure the dynamic contact angles at different times. It is found that the dynamic contact angle between the crude oil and the reservoir rock in the presence of CO 2 -saturated reservoir brine remains almost constant at a given pressure and a constant temperature, though CO 2 is gradually dissolved into the sessile oil drop until the latter is completely saturated with the former. It is also found that the equilibrium contact angle increases as the pressure increases, whereas it decreases as the temperature increases. In comparison with the equilibrium contact angle data for the crude oil−reservoir brine−reservoir rock system without any dissolution of CO 2, the equilibrium contact angles of the crude oil−reservoir brine−reservoir rock system with dissolution of CO 2 are smaller at T = 27 °C but larger at T = 58 °C. Such wettability alteration will significantly affect oil recovery and subsequent storage when CO 2 is injected into an oil reservoir at high pressures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".