Kinetic Modelling of Thermal Cracking and Low Temperature Oxidation Reactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Two kinetic models were developed to describe thermal cracking and low temperature oxidation (LTO) reactions of Athabasca bitumen for the in situ combustion process. These unified kinetic models can describe the compositional changes in the Athabasca bitumen under thermal cracking or LTO. Bitumen composition was expressed in terms of the pseudo-components maltenes, asphaltenes, and coke. Oxidation reactions occurring in the low temperature range (less than 300 °C) are complex with two primary oxidation reaction modes: oxygen addition and bond scission. For Athabasca bitumen, oxygen addition reactions are generally dominant in the low temperature range (less than 300 °C), however bond scission or carbon oxide forming reactions occur to some extent at reaction temperatures greater than approximately 150 °C. The variation in the oxygen uptake rate with time at a given temperature is accounted for through rate equations describing the change in composition of the oil and the rate of oxygen uptake at the temperature of interest for each of the pseudo-components. The oxidation model for the low temperature range that was developed in this work accounts for both oxygen addition and bond scission modes of reaction. It is capable of predicting the effect of temperature, pressure, oxygen concentration, and time on bitumen composition and oxygen uptake rates. The LTO model has been verified by kinetic data from three different types of reactors, for temperatures ranging from 25 to 275 °C and reaction times ranging from 2 hours to 1 year. Introduction For nearly 90 years, in situ combustion (ISC) has been employed to improve recovery from oil reservoirs. Until now, this technology has not been widely used because of the mixed history of success of the field implementations; the failures have resulted from many reasons, however a key point is that the translation of experimental laboratory data to commercial pilot stages has not been achieved. This stems from the fact that the fundamental reaction mechanisms of the in situ combustion process have not been understood completely. It is well known that combustion front advance and air (or fuel) requirement of ISC are determined by the kinetics of the reactions happening in the vicinity of the burning front. Three major reactions have been reported:thermal cracking,liquid phase low temperature oxidation (LTO), andhigh temperature oxidation (HTO) of an immobile hydrocarbon residue. This paper will focus on the first two reactions, because they are the two principal reactions associated with fuel deposition during the in situ combustion process. Thermal cracking reactions are often referred to as the fuel deposition reactions; the carbon-carbon bonds of the heavier hydrocarbon components are broken to form low carbon number hydrocarbon molecules plus an immobile fraction which is referred to as coke. In order to better understand thermal cracking reaction mechanisms and correctly predict product concentrations, it is necessary to understand the thermal cracking reaction within the time frame of an in situ combustion process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".