Spatial and temporal effects of interspecific competition between Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) and brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) in winter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous work has shown that juvenile stream-dwelling salmonids become predominantly nocturnal during winter by emerging from daytime refuges to feed, with several species having been shown to prefer slow-flowing water while active at night. We used seminatural stream channels, landscaped to provide a choice of water depths, and hence velocities, to test whether Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, show similar habitat preferences during winter. We also tested whether there was any spatial or temporal displacement of Atlantic salmon when in sympatry with brown trout. Nighttime observations revealed that Atlantic salmon did have a preference for slow-flowing water. However, when in direct competition with trout, salmon either remained predominantly nocturnal but occupied shallower water, or became significantly less nocturnal, spending more time active during the day than when in allopatry. These results, which were especially marked in relatively larger fish, indicate that competition between the two species for food and resources is not restricted to the summer months and may affect both the short- and long-term growth and survival of overwintering wild Atlantic salmon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".