Insurance Company Performance within the Framework of Trade Agreements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we evaluate the impact of regional integration on insurance companies' performance to assess whether integration is always favorable for the insurance market. In existing literature, the most common method of evaluating the impact of integration on insurance companies has been observing how certain indicators change over time and attributing these changes to integration, with another approach consisting of using the share of the insurance lines mostly subject to foreign competition as an explanatory variable. The results, however, are mixed. As a measure of the degree of integration, we use the share of imports from other countries that are members of the trade agreement in the country's imports of direct insurance services. The evaluation is carried out using data on 64 companies from Canada, Mexico and the United States from 2005 to 2016, then verified using data on 145 companies spanning 2005- 2018. The production function is assumed to be translog. It is shown that a higher share of other member countries in the imports of direct insurance services leads to an increase in the operating expenses incurred by life insurance companies and a decrease in the operating expenses incurred by international companies, while there is no statistically significant impact on the profits of most types of companies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".