Synthesis and Characterization of naphthalene and tetraphenyl benzidine based electrochromic molecules
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synthesis of electrochromic monomers are the primary focus of this dissertation.The overall objectives include: (i) to design naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based chromophores with different electrochromic properties for direct use in electrochromic devices (ECDs) and (ii) to design crosslinkable tetraphenylbenzidine (TPB) based chromophores for simplifying the solution process in ECDs fabrication.The synthesis of NDI based chromophores including DPy-N4-NDI, DPy-N3-NDI and DPy-N2-NDI were achieved by direct imidization using 1,4,5,8naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and propriate choice of amino pyridines.Pyridine modified NDIs are further reacted with 1-iodomethane and 6-bromohexane to form DM-N2-NDI2I, DM-N3-NDI2I, DM-N4-NDI2I, DH-N3-NDI2Br and DH-N4-NDI2Br.All chromophores are electroactive, and the electrochromic features are governed by structural factors.Due to the same naphthalene core, all chromophores exhibit reversible color change from pale yellow, to brown, then dark green with different operational voltage ranging from -12mV to -134 mV for the first reduction and -334 mV to -598 mV for the second reduction.The synthesis of TPB based cross linkable chromophores are achieved through Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reaction.Indole was introduced to tetraphenylbenzidine (TPB) as the cross-linkable group for solution processible TPB.The branched indole TPB and fused indole TPB are successfully obtained and proved by corresponding proton NMR spectrum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".