Effects of Anti-Malarial Drug, Hydroxychloroquine, on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Japanese Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a synthetic anti-malarial drug and has been used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Recently, HCQ has been reported to improve lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with rheumatic diseases. However, effects of HCQ on lipid and glucose metabolism in Japanese remain unknown. Methods: We picked up patients who had been prescribed HCQ for 1 month or longer between September 2015 and August 2018. We compared the data at baseline and at 1 - 11 months after the start of HCQ. We excluded patients who discontinued to take HCQ due to adverse reaction, and patients who had taken daily more than 20 mg of prednisolone with HCQ. Results: We found 40 patients, and excluded nine patients who discontinued to take HCQ due to adverse reactions and five patients who had taken daily more than 20 mg of prednisolone in addition to HCQ, and we analyzed 26 patients. Twenty-two systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and 4 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients had been prescribed HCQ. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) showed a significant decrease and tendency to decrease at 5 and 6 months after the start of HCQ, respectively. At other time points, HbA1c showed non-significant decrease. Serum triglyceride showed a significant decrease at 1, 3, 7, 8 and 11 months after the start of HCQ. At other time points, serum triglyceride showed non-significant decrease. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) did not show any significant changes at every time point. Serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) showed a significant decrease at 2 months after the start of HCQ and showed tendency to decrease after 7 and 10 months. At other time points, serum LDL-C showed non-significant decrease. Serum non-HDL-C showed a significant decrease at 2, 3 and 7 months after the start of HCQ and showed tendency to decrease after 1 and 5 months. At other time points, serum non-HDL-C showed non-significant decrease. Conclusion: HCQ was associated with reduction of HbA1c, serum triglyceride, LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels in SLE and RA patients. J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;9(5):159-164 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem611
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".