Bibliographic record
Abstract
The amount of bone gained during childhood and adolescence impacts greatly on lifetime skeletal health and it is well accepted that physical activity during growth increases bone acquisition. Gymnastics training results in unique high mechanical loading to the skeleton and therefore, provides an excellent model for assessing the effects of weight-bearing physical activity on bone development (Daly et al., 1999). Young recreational gymnasts experience loads up to 3-10 times that of body weight on their feet and hands. Previous studies in young adolescent competitive female gymnasts have shown that they have 8-23% areal bone mineral density (aBMD, cm/g2), at the total body, lumbar spine and hip (Laing et al., 2002; Faulkner et al., 2003; Erlandson et al., 2011a). It is often presumed that higher the aBMD or BMC translates to greater bone strength but when estimating whole bone strength (resistance to fracture) it is important to assess bone size and geometry in addition to parameters charactering bone mass and areal density (Kontulainen et al., 2007). Therefore, it is important to assess the geometrical indices of bone and not simply aBMD or BMC. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) is a novel technology that is able to measure bone cross sectional properties in three dimensions. It has been recently observed that early recreational and precompetitive gymnastic participation may confer 6-25% greater adjusted bone strength, as assessed by pQCT, at the distal radius compared to individuals not involved in gymnastic training (Erlandson et al., 2011b). What remain unsubstantiated are the long term effects of early recreational gymnastics on the development of childhood bone strength. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether gymnastics exposure was associated with estimated bone strength development derived from pQCT at the distal radius in young males and females. 51.2 METHODS Participants were drawn from the University of Saskatchewan’s Young Recreational Gymnast Study. This cohort consists of 178 children recruited into a mix-longitudinal study examining the influence of early life gymnastic participation on bone development (2006-2012; Erlandson et al., 2011a). pQCT scan were implemented into the study in 2008 and by 2012, there were 3 years of pQCT data collected in children between 4 and 10 years of age. The gymnasts consisted of individuals who were participating in recreation and/or precompetitive gymnastics programmes at one of three competitive gymnastics clubs in Saskatoon. The non-gymnastic controls were individuals recruited from other local recreational sport programmes and camps (soccer, T-ball, basketball and karate). Participants were excluded from the current study if they had any condition that prevented them from performing exercise safely, had any condition known to affect bone development, or did not have a valid distal radius scan at two or more assessment occasions. This resulted in the inclusion of 126 participants (58 males, 68 females) consisting of 75 gymnasts (35 males, 40 females) and 51 non gymnasts (23 males, 28 females). Consent was obtained from all parents and/or guardians and verbal assent was obtained from all children. All procedures and protocols were approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Board at the University of Saskatchewan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.807 | 0.721 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".