Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Experience-dependent synapse remodeling is associated with information storage in the nervous system.Neuronal synapses show alteration in various neurological and cognitive disorders in their structure and function.At the ultrastructural level, parallel fiber boutons contacting multiple spines of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex are commonly observed in physiologically enriched animals as well as pathological ataxic mutants.However, the dendritic origin of those spines on parallel fiber multiplesynapse boutons has been poorly understood.Here we investigated this issue by 3-dimensional ultrastructural analysis to determine synaptic connectivity of multiple-synapse boutons in both mice housed in physically enriched environment and cerebellar ataxic mutants.Materials and Methods: The MBSs from tottering mice and same background mice exposed in environmental enrichment were observed using serial sectioning transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) and we analyzed dendritic spine origin.A three dimensional reconstruction image for the dendritic spine organization was performed.Results and Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that environmental enrichment selectively induced multiple-synapse boutons to contact spines from the same parent dendrite, indicating focal strengthening of synapse through the simultaneous activation of two adjacent spines.In contrast, ataxic mutants displaying impaired motor coordination had significantly more multiplesynapse boutons involving spines originating from different neighboring dendrites compared to both wild-type and environmentally enriched animals, suggesting that compromising multiple synapse formation may lead to abnormal motor behavior in the mutant mice.These findings propose that environmental stimulation in normal animals mainly involves the refinement of preexisting synaptic networks, whereas pathological ataxic conditions may results from less-selective but compromising multiple synaptic formation.This study underscores that different types of multiple synapse boutons may have disparate effects on cerebellar synaptic transmission.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.122 | 0.076 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".