A Novel Hybrid Photoacoustic-Fluorescent contrast Agent to Track Aqueous Humour Pathways in Vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Contrast agents are frequently used in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) to study the lymphatic system. However, there is a lack of standardized approaches to evaluate agentsfor specific applications. Furthermore, validation of PAI results through post-mortem fluorescence imaging is often required. To address this, hybrid modality contrast agents would be advantageous. Using unbiased characterization experiments and analyses three commercial NIR dyes are compared: IRDye QC-1, IRDye800CW, and CF770 for the minimum detectable concentration, linear range, and stability of PA signal with prolonged laser exposure. QC-1 had the most desirable properties for quantitative lymphatic PAI specifically for glaucoma treatment testing. Therefore a hybrid tracer was developed and QC-1 alongside fluorescent dye BODIPY was labelled to bovine serum albumin (QBB). QBB tracer showed nearly identical PA properties to free QC-1 dye and maintained a strong fluorescent signal after laser exposure. The QBB tracer shows promise as a hybrid contrast agent for in vivo lymphatic PAI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".