Index

Citation (2018), "Index", Health Econometrics (Contributions to Economic Analysis, Vol. 294), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 381-391. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0573-855520180000294020 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited INDEX Accident insurance, 68 ADF test, 331, 332 Administrative data, 285–300 ex-ante assessments, 288 ex-post assessments, 288–292 health care services, assessment of, 286–288 hospital efficiency measurement, methods of, 292–294 relative efficiency assessment, methods of, 294–297 Adopted children, effect of health endowment at birth of, 183 Adverse selection, 23–25, 34, 47, 48, 51 Affordable Care Act, 65 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 290, 292, 293 Agglomeration, 318–320 Aikaike information criterion (AIC), 90, 368 Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC), 312, 319 Anchoring vignettes, 145–166, 169–174 data, 151–157 objective measures of mobility, 153–154 self-reported mobility, 152–153 socio-demographic variables, 154–155 study design, 155–157 non-parametric estimation, 148–150 parametric estimation, 150–151 results, 157–164, 169–174 Antibiotic consumption, 314–315 Artefactual field experiments, 4 Assortative matching, 181 Atomistic fallacy, 296 Attribute non-attendance (ANA), 93–96 Average treatment effect (ATE), 2, 61 Bayesian information criterion (BIC), 90, 368 Bayesian methods, 89, 314, 318 Behavioral data linking, 5 Behavioral econometrics, 3, 8 applications to health, 14–15 choice under risk, 11 econometrics, 12–14 experimental design and tests, 12 general framework, 10 identification problem, 10 individual discounting, 11–12 Behavioral experiments in health, 3–6 Behavioral insights teams, 2 Belief elicitation, 27–28 Benefit package, 27 Body mass index (BMI), 108, 313–314 Bootstrapping, 121 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 68 Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI), 290, 293, 299 Canadian Patient Experiences Survey, 292 Caps on contingency fees, 242 Caps on damages, 242 Causal effects, 57 Certainty equivalent (CE) method, 8 Certificate of merit, 242 Child’s health endowment at birth, parental investments to, 175–193, 197–199 conceptual framework, 178–179 data and sample selection, 184–185 econometric strategy, 179–183 estimation results, 186–193 Chilling effect, 109 Choice architecture, 2 Choice under risk, 11 Clinical governance, 290 Cobb Douglas production function, 293 Column-by-column approach, 364–365 Commission for Health Improvement (CHI), 290 Common Correlated Effects (CCE), 312, 315, 334 Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCE MG) estimator, 316 Common Correlated Effects Pooled (CCEP) estimation, 315–316 Compound hierarchical ordered probit model. See Hierarchical ordered probit (HOPIT) model Conditional autoregressive (CAR) model, 360, 362 Contagious presenteeism, 67 Conventional lab experiments, 4 Corrected ordinary least squares (COLS), 292 Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), 6, 119–141 case study, 130–140 incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, 120–122 incremental net benefit, 122–123 net benefit regression framework, 124–141 seemingly unrelated regression, critique of, 126–127 Cost-utility analysis (CUA), 6 Cox Proportional Hazard (PH) model, 208–211 Cross-country comparison anchoring vignettes, 151–164, 169–174 healthcare expenditures, 327–344, 349–358 Cross-sectional dependence of healthcare expenditures, 331–334, 341–343 Cross-sectionally augmented distributed lag (CS-DL), 334 Cross-Validation (CV), 368–369 Cultural assimilation, 107–109 Database of State Tort Law Reforms (DSTLR), 249–251 Data envelopment analysis (DEA), 292 Defensive medicine empirical analysis, 244–247 liability pressure and, 253–254 negative, 236–237 positive, 236 Delta method, 122 Demand of health care services, immigration and, 110–111 Diagnosis-related groups (DRG), 263–267, 274–275, 278, 289, 291, 299 Difference-in-Difference-in-Difference (DDD), 59, 65 Disability insurance (DI), 69–70 Discrete choice methods, in health economics, 85–96 attribute non-attendance, 93–96 multinomial logit and mixed logit models, 86–91 scale heterogeneity, 91–92 willingness to pay space, in estimation of, 92–93 Domain-Specific Risk-Taking scale (DOSPERT), 7 Drug expenditure, insurance coverage on, 202 Drug innovation, 203, 205 Duration models, 201–228 Ecological fallacy, 296 Econometric strategy parental investments to child’s health endowment at birth, 179–183 Effectiveness, 289 Efficiency, 289 hospital, 292–294 relative, 294–297 Emergency department (ED) visits, geographical accessibility to, 318 Empirical models of hospital competition, 267–271 Endogeneity of child health, 176, 177, 179, 180, 188, 192, 193 hospital’s quality competition, 267–271 immigration and health, 113 Endogenous attribute attendance (EAA) model, 94–95 mixed, 95–96 English Care Quality Commission, 292 Enterprise liability, 237 Episode splitting, 209 Equality-constrained latent class (EC-LC) model, 94, 95 Equation-by-equation estimation, 134–136 Ethiopia subjective expectations of medical expenditures and insurance, 23–52 Évaluation des pratiques (EPP), 290 Ex-ante assessments, 288 Expectation-Maximisation (EM) algorithm, 90, 370, 371 Expectations, of medical expenditures and insurance, 23–52 Expected Utility Theory (EUT), 8–9 Expenditure externality hypothesis, 317 Experimental design, 12 Experimental tests, 12 Experimenter demand effects, 4 Ex-post assessments, 288–292 Extended Bayesian Information Criterion (EBIC), 368 Extended Cox Model, 209 Face validity, 35–42 Failure of R&D process, 204–210 estimation strategy, 208–209 hazard function, 205–208 time-varying characteristics and effects, 209–210 Father’s birth endowment, 181 FMOLS (Fully Modified OLS) estimation, 339–341 Forecast expenditure, 24 Framed field experiments, 4 Gamble tradeoff (GTO) method, 8 Gamma Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (GPML), 26, 42, 44 Gauss–Hermite quadrature, 370, 371 Gaussian graphical models, 360, 361–362 Generalised Linear Model (GLM), 26, 42, 311 Generalised-multinomial logit model (G-MNL), 91, 92 Generalized Cross-Validation, 368 Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), 127–129, 140–141, 306, 321 relationship with SUR and OLS, 129–130 German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP), 111, 112 Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes (GBE), 290 Gibbs sampling, 371 Granger causality test, 340 Graphical discrete choice models, 370–371 Graphical LASSO (GLASSO), 321, 360, 366, 367, 372 Graphical modeling, for large network inference, 359–373 applications of, 371–373 discrete random variables graphical discrete choice models, 370–371 Ising graphical model, 369–370 estimation, 363–369 column-by-column approach, 364–365 model selection, 367–369 penalized log-likelihood approach, 365–367 Gaussian graphical models, 361–362 in spatial econometrics, 362–363 Great Migration, 106 Hansen–Sargan test, 178 Hausman’s test, 311 Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS), 290 Hawthorne effects, 4 Hazard function, of R&D process, 205–208 Health, defined, 61 Healthcare Costs and Utilization Project (HCUP), 290 Healthcare expenditures (HCE), cross-country modeling of, 315–318, 327–344, 349–358 data and variables, 334–335 panel ARDL modeling studies, 327–329, 331, 335–339, 349–351 study methodology, 331–334 technology effects on, 329–330 unit root tests, 335–339 Healthcare services, assessment of, 286–288 Health insurance. See Insurance Health of migrants, 101–114 Health outcomes, 285–300 Health resources, allocation of, 315–318 Health selectivity, 107 Healthy immigrant effect, 103, 110 Heart attack survival rate and expenditure, 313 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), 268–271, 319 Heteroskedasticity-autocorrelation consistent (HAC) estimator, 313 Hierarchical ordered probit (HOPIT) model, 146–148, 154, 157, 165 cross-country comparison, 158, 163, 164, 169–170 health equation, 151 reporting behavior, 150–151, 156 HIV prevalence, 314 Hospital competition on quality, 263–279, 318–320 DRG tariffs and, 274–275 empirical models of, 267–271 non-profit hospitals, 275–278 spatial approach to, 271–273 Hospital discharge chart (HDC), 286 Hospital efficiency measurement, methods of, 292–294 Hospital mergers, 273–274 Identification problem, 10 Immigration and health, 101–114 administrative records, 104–105 cultural assimilation and language skills, 107–109 demand of health care services, 110–111 health insurance coverage, 109 health of those left behind, 113 health selectivity, 107 healthy immigrant effect, 103, 110 immigration policy, 107 natural and quasi-natural experiments, 105–107 selection and regression toward the mean, modeling, 104 supply of health care services, 112 visa status, 107 working conditions and work-related risks, 111–112 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of 2002, 107 Immigration policy, 107 Immunisation decisions, 183 Incentive-compatible (IC) tests, 8 Income elasticity, 329, 335, 339 Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), 120–122, 123 Incremental net benefit (INB), 122–123, 140–141 Individual discounting, 11–12 Information technology, 330 Inpatient hospital admissions, 312–313 Institutional accreditation, 287 Instrumental variables (IV), 60, 176, 178, 180, 183, 242, 248, 269, 277, 306, 311 Insurance accident, 68 coverage on drug expenditure, 202 for immigrants, 109 disability, 69–70 health, subjective expectations of, 23–52 long-term care, 70–71 sick leave, 66–67 statutory pension, 71–72 unemployment, 71 Insurance market choices, 7 Intent-to-treat (ITT), 60 Interactive fixed effects estimator (IFE), 334 Intergenerational mobility, 178, 181 Intrahousehold resource allocation, 178 Irrelevant alternatives (IIA) property, 88, 89 Ising graphical model, 369–370 ISO-9000 certification, 288 John Henry effects, 5 Joint and several liability (JSL) rule, 242, 249, 250 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), 287 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, 287 Key performance indicators (KPI), 289 Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test, 155–156 Kulback–Leibler divergence, 368 Lab-field experiments, 5 Labor market, immigration effect on, 111 Language skills, 107–109 Large network inference, graphical modeling techniques for, 359–373 applications of, 371–373 discrete random variables graphical discrete choice models, 370–371 Ising graphical model, 369–370 estimation, 363–369 column-by-column approach, 364–365 model selection, 367–369 penalized log-likelihood approach, 365–367 Gaussian graphical models, 361–362 in spatial econometrics, 362–363 Latent class (LC) model, 89, 90 Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), 321, 360, 364, 365, 372 Liability and medical decisions, 236–241, 249, 251, 255 empirical analysis, 240–241, 244–247 existing evidence and limitations, 242–252 future research, 255–257 liability pressure, 252–255 theoretical expectations, 238–240 Likert scale, 7 Lind, James, 3 Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE), 59, 61, 72 Long-term care insurance, 70–71 Market structure, impact on price reaction function, 318–319 Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, 366 Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), 8, 306, 311, 321 Mean group (MG) estimator, 332–333 Medicaid, 64–66, 109 Medical expenditure, 23–52 Medical malpractice, 235–257 empirical analysis, 240–241, 244–247 existing evidence and limitations, 242–252 future research, 255–257 liability pressure, 252–255 theoretical expectations, 238–240 Medicare, 65, 274 Part B program, 106 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 70 Mental health expenditures, 316–317 Mental health outcomes, 314 Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, 371 Microeconometrics, 59, 60 “Minimum Standards for Hospitals” program, 287 Mixed EAA (MEAA) model, 95–96 Mixed logit (MXT) model, 88–91, 92 Mixed proportional hazard (MPH) model, 207–208, 209 Monte Carlo integration, 370, 371 Moral hazard, 24, 46, 57 Mortality of deprivation, 313 Mother’s labour supply, effect of child health at birth on, 176, 178, 180–181 Multicollinearity, 86 Multinomial logit (MNT) model, 86–88 generalised, 91, 92 hospital’s quality competition, 268 Multiple price list (MPL) method, 8, 9 National Health Interview Survey, 107–109 National Health Service (NHS), 2, 110, 290 Natural field experiments, 4, 5 Neighbourhood, effect on health, 313–314 Net benefit regression framework (NBRF) to cost-effectiveness analysis, 124–141 criticisms of, 125–126 New Chemical Entities (NCEs), 202 Newton–Raphson algorithm, 370 No fault system, 237 Non-parametric estimation anchoring vignettes, 148–150 R&D hazard function, 207 Non-profit hospitals, quality of, 275–278 Objective health measures, 62–63 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 68 OECD countries, healthcare expenditures in, 327–344, 349–358 Offset effects, 65 Ontario Hospital Association, 290 Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation, 125, 126, 144, 186–190, 192, 193, 272, 292, 309, 313 FMOLS (Fully Modified OLS) estimation, 339 relationship with SUR and GMM, 129–130 Oregon Health Insurance Experiment, 64–65 ORYX program, 290 Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, 46, 47 Outpatient expenditure, 28 Outpatient hospital admissions, 312–313 Overuse of treatments, 237, 238, 240–241 Pain and suffering (P&S), 242, 249–251 Panel ARDL modeling, 327–329, 331, 349–351 long-and short-run estimation of healthcare expenditure with, 335–339, 352–357 Panel cointegration tests, 339, 341–354, 358 Parametric estimation anchoring vignettes, 150–151 Parental investments to child’s health endowment at birth, 175–193, 197–199 conceptual framework, 178–179 data and sample selection, 184–185 econometric strategy, 179–183 estimation results, 186–193 Partial Likelihood method, 209, 210 Patents, 329–330 Patient satisfaction, 289–290 Peer review, 290 Penalized log-likelihood approach, 365–367 computational costs of, 367 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, 109 Pharmaceutical R&D, 201–228 determinants of, 214–225 failure, 204–210 estimation strategy, 208–209 hazard function, 205–208 time-varying characteristics and effects, 209–210 measures of innovation, 223–225 nature of, 203–204 productivity, 202 successful transition to next stage, 210–225 control, 212–213 estimation strategy, 212 Phillips-Perron (PP) test, 331, 332, 335 Piano nazionale esiti (PNE), 291 Pooled mean group (PMG) estimator, 333 Predictive value of expectations, 42–46 Pretrial screening, 242 Probability equivalent (PE) method, 8 Program in Assertive Community Treatment, 130–140 background of data, 131–132 background of study, 130–131 characterizing uncertainty, 138–140 equation-by-equation estimation, 134–136 estimation strategies, 132–134 simultaneous equations estimation, 137–138 Prospective payment systems (PPS), 291, 299 Public Health England, 2 Public health expenditures, 316, 317 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY), 6 Quality-related life measures, 63 Quasi difference-in-difference (DiD) model, 269–270 Quasi-experimental design, 147 Quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE), 334 QUIC algorithm, 367 RAND Health Insurance Experiment (RAND HIE), 63–64 Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1–6 bias in, 5 types of, 4–5 Random utility models, 87 Reduced-form methods, 59–61, 69, 71 Regional malpractice liability funds, 237 Regression analysis, 306 Regression Discontinuity (RD), 59 Regression Kink (RK), 59 Rehabilitation, 66–67 Relative efficiency assessment, methods of, 294–297 Reporting heterogeneity, 146–148, 156, 165 Research and development (R&D) expenditure, 330 in pharmaceutical industry, 201–228 control, 212–213 determinants of, 214–222 estimation strategy, 212 failure, 204–210 measures of innovation, 223–225 nature of, 203–204 productivity, 202 successful transition to next stage, 210–225 Response consistency, 147 Revealed preference (RP) data, 86 Reverse causality, 273 Risk adjustment, 290, 295, 298 Risk aversion, 47 Risk preferences, 6–7 Risk-taking measurement, 7–9 SARAR model, 306, 315 SARMA (spatial lag and moving average model) model, 317 SAR-Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model, 312, 317, 320 Scale-based self-assessed approach, 7–8 Scale heterogeneity, 91–92 Scale of reference bias, 62 Schedules damages, 252 Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) critique in cost-effectiveness analysis, 126–127 relationship with GMM and OLS, 129–130 Self-reported mobility (SRM), empirical assessment of, 145–166, 169–174 SEM-GMM model, 313 Semi-parametric models R&D hazard function, 207–208 SEM-SUR panel model, 312 SF-12, 298 SF-36, 298 Sick leave insurance, 66–67 Simultaneous equations estimation, 137–138 Smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty, 366, 368 Social insurance, 57–73 accident insurance (workers compensation), 68 disability insurance, 69–70 health econometric evidence empirical methods, 59–61 objective health measures, 62–63 quality-related life measures, 63 subjective self-reported health measures, 62 long-term care insurance, 70–71 Oregon health insurance experiment, 64–65 RAND Health Insurance Experiment (RAND HIE), 63–64 sick leave insurance and rehabilitation, 66–67 statutory pension insurance, 71–72 unemployment insurance, 71 Social Security Administration, 106 Social Services Performance Rating (SSPR), 317 Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), 63, 70 Spatial approach to hospital competition, 271–273 Spatial autoregressive model, 360 Spatial dependence, 305–307, 311, 314, 316–318 Spatial Durbin lag model, 306, 317, 320 Spatial econometrics, graphical models in, 362–363 Spatial error model (SEM), 306, 310, 314, 316 Spatial health econometrics (SHE), 305–322 health care expenditures, 315–318 health needs, 314 health outcomes, risk factors and health needs, 312–315 health resources, allocation of, 315–318 hospital competition and agglomeration, 318–320 risk factors, 313 spatial models, 309–312 spatial weights, 307–309 Spatial lag autoregressive model (SAR), 306, 310–314, 316, 319, 362 Spatial lag operator, 309 Spatial models, 309–312 Spatial panel data model, 310–311, 316 Spatial weight matrix, 307, 308 Spatial weights, 307–309 Standard Gamble (SG) method, 6 Standardization, 295 State dependent reporting bias, 62 Status of limitations, 242 Statutory pension insurance, 71–72 Stochastic dominance, 156, 158–160, 170–174 Stochastic frontier approach (SFA), 292, 293 Structural methods, 60, 61, 67, 70 Subjective probability, of medical expenditures and insurance, 23–52 belief elicitation, 27–28 expectations influence on insurance decision, 46–50 face validity and formation of expectations household-specific mean, predictors of, 35–41 revisions to expectations, 41–42 forecasts and realizations, comparison of expected and realized expenditures, correlation between, 34–35 forecast medical expenditure distributions, moments of, 32–34 medical expenditure data, 28–29 predictive value of expectations, 42–46 sampling design, 26–27 validity of distribution of responses, 31–32 illogical responses, 30–31 response rates, 29–30 Subjective self-reported health measures, 62 Supply of health care services, immigration and, 112 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), 145, 148, 151, 153, 154, 165 Synthetic Control Group Method (SCGM), 59, 60 Tariffs, effect on quality, 274–275 Taylor approximation, 122 Technology, effects on healthcare expenditures, 329–330 Temporary Disability Insurance, 67 TIGER, 369 Time preferences, 6–7 measurement of, 9–10 Time Trade Off (TTO) method, 6 Tort reforms, 242, 243, 248 Trade-off approach, 8 Transportation costs, 265, 266 Treatment selection, medical liability effects on, 241 Truncated Normal distribution, 371 Truven Health Analytics, 290 Two-stage least square estimation (2SLS), 186–193 Ufficio federale per la sanità pubblica (UFSP), 290 Underuse of treatments, 237, 238, 240–241 Unemployment insurance (UI), 71 UNI-EN-ISO-9000 certification, 288 United Kingdom (UK) Cabinet Office, 3 Nudge Unit, 2 Department of Health, 2 Labor Force Survey, 112 United States (US) Earned Income Credit, 59 Health and Retirement Survey, 8 Social Security Notch, 59 Unit root tests, 335–339 Vignette equivalence, 147 Virtual experiments, 5 Visa status, 107 VISION-2000 version, 288 Westerlund ECM test, for panel cointegration, 341–343 Willingness to pay (WTP), 87–88 space, in estimation of, 91–93 Workers compensation (WC), 68 Workhorse models, 86–91 Working conditions, immigration effect on, 111–112 Work-related risks, immigration effect on, 111–112 Book Chapters Prelims CHAPTER 1 Experimental Methods and Behavioral Insights in Health Economics: Estimating Risk and Time Preferences in Health CHAPTER 2 Subjective Expectations of Medical Expenditures and Insurance in Rural Ethiopia CHAPTER 3 Social Insurance and Health CHAPTER 4 Discrete Choice Methods in Health Economics CHAPTER 5 Migration, Health, and Well-being: Models and Methods CHAPTER 6 Econometric Considerations When Using the Net Benefit Regression Framework to Conduct Cost-effectiveness Analysis CHAPTER 7 Anchoring Vignettes and Cross-country Comparability: An Empirical Assessment of Self-reported Mobility CHAPTER 8 Response of Parental Investments to Child’s Health Endowment at Birth CHAPTER 9 R&D Success in Pharmaceutical Markets: A Duration Model Approach CHAPTER 10 Medical Malpractice: How Legal Liability Affects Medical Decisions CHAPTER 11 Hospital Economics: The Effect of Competition, Tariffs and Non-profit Status on Quality CHAPTER 12 Administrative Data and Health Outcome Assessment: Methodology and Application CHAPTER 13 Spatial Health Econometrics CHAPTER 14 Cross-country Medical Expenditure Modeling Using OECD Panel Data and ARDL Approach: Investigating GDP, Technology, and Aging Effects CHAPTER 15 Large Network Inference: New Insights in Health Economics About the Volume Editors Index

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