The Formulation of a Power Flow Using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$d-q$</tex-math> </inline-formula> Reference Frame Components—Part I: Balanced <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\phi$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> Systems
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper develops a new approach for formulating the power flow for power systems. The developed approach is based on expressing the active and reactive power injections at each bus in a power system using the d-q-axis components of bus voltages and admittance matrix. The new power flow formulation produces a scaled Jacobian matrix, which can offer a fast convergence to the solution. The proposed power flow formulation can also model bus type conversions without affecting its accuracy or fast convergence. In addition, the d-q-axis power flow (DQPF) offers a simplified and reliable representation of photovoltaic buses that have distributed generation units (DGUs). The DQPF is implemented with a step-by-step procedure for performance evaluation on several power systems operated at different conditions. Performance results demonstrate fast convergence, reduced computations, and minor sensitivity to the number of buses, loading conditions, and levels of DGU penetration. Furthermore, performance results show that DQPF power flow can attain solutions in less iterations than Newton-Raphson, Fast Decoupled, and Iwamoto power flow methods.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it