A phase III comparison of prophylactic cranial irradiation versus observation in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Initial analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0214
Bibliographic record
Abstract
7506 Background: The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases is high in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Brain as an only site of relapse appears increasingly common as loco-regional and extra-cranial systemic treatment improves. There is not standard agreement as to how to address this risk. Methods: Patients with stage III NSCLC without progression of disease after loco-regional treatment with surgery and/or radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy were eligible. Participants were randomized to prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) or observation and stratified by stage (IIIA or B), histology (non-squamous or squamous) and therapy (surgery or no surgery). PCI was delivered once daily at 2Gy per fraction to 30Gy. The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints were disease free survival (DFS) and the impact of PCI on incidence of CNS metastases, neuropsychological function, and quality of life (QoL). Kaplan- Meier estimation with the log-rank test was used for OS and DFS and the logistic regression model was used for calculating the incidence of CNS metastasis. Results: Total accrual was 356 patients of the targeted 1058 between 9/19/02 and 8/30/07. The study was closed early due to slow accrual. 340 patients were evaluable. One year OS (p=0.86, 75.6 % and 76.9% for PCI and observation) and one year DFS (p=0.11, 56.4% and 51.2% for PCI and observation) were not statistically significantly different. However, CNS metastatic rate at 1 year was statistically significantly different with CNS relapse 7.7% vs. 18% for PCI vs. observation (p=0.004). Logistic regression showed that the patients in the observation arm are 2.52 times more likely to develop CNS metastases than those in the PCI arm (odds ratio=2.52, 95% CI=(1.32–4.80)). Conclusions: PCI in patients without progressive disease after loco-regional therapy for III NSCLC significantly decreases the rate of CNS metastases. This study did not show a statistically significant difference in OS or DFS. Forthcoming analysis of the impact of PCI on neuropsychological function and QoL will influence the recommendations regarding the standard use of PCI. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".