Bibliographic record
Abstract
One family of theories regarding vowel perception suggests that onset and offset formant-frequencies are important for identification but that the shape of the transitions themselves is not perceptually important [e.g., Morrison and Nearey (2007). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122, EL15-EL22]. The present study determined just-noticeable-differences in deviations for linear formant trajectories. Diphthong-like stimuli were manipulated by inserting a point of inflection into the otherwise linear transition. Several parameters were manipulated including vowel duration, location of the inflection point in time, direction of formant change, and fundamental frequency. Data from the first experiment indicate that listeners are largely insensitive to deviations from linearity of formant trajectory but that deviations that fell outside the range of frequencies spanned by the onset and offset were detectable. However, a second experiment in which only the first half of stimuli were presented gave different results. Results from these experiments along with several hypotheses are presented. [Work supported by SSHRC.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".