Non-Aqueous Continuous-Flow Electrophoresis (NACFE): Separation Complement for Continuous-Flow Organic Synthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Continuous-flow organic synthesis naturally requires continuous-flow separation of reaction components. The most common continuous-flow separation approach is liquid-liquid extraction based on differential distribution of molecules between organic and aqueous phases. This approach has limited selectivity; it can hardly separate different hydrophobic organic molecules from each other. Continuous-flow electrophoresis can facilitate much more selective separation in a single phase, but it is currently limited to aqueous electrolytes which are incompatible with many hydrophobic organic molecules. Further, water electrolysis in aqueous electrolytes results in generation of large volumes of gas making steady-state operation a major technical challenge. Here, we introduce non-aqueous continuous-flow electrophoresis (NACFE) in which the electrolyte is a solution of an organic salt in an aprotic organic solvent. We demonstrate that NACFE can maintain stable separation of multiple species during 10 hours. The non-aqueous nature of NACFE and its ability to support steady-state operation make it suitable for its incorporation into continuous-flow organic synthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".