Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cell fusion into multinucleated giant cells (MGC) is an essential process that contributes to many important biological mechanisms in mammalians. In the bone and immune system, macrophages are endowed with a remarkable potential for cell fusion events as evidenced by their propensity to fuse with other cells and between themselves during both normal processes and disease. Macrophage fusion is critical for the normal development of multinucleated osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption. Macrophages from various tissue compartments also undergo fusion into MGC, a hallmark of granulomatous inflammation. To date, the mechanisms underlying macrophage fusion remain poorly understood. Receptor-ligand interactions are thought to mediate this process and several lines of evidence implicate purinergic receptors in both osteoclast and MGC formation. Notably, the P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP is expressed in osteoclasts and in many types of granulomas associated with infection, foreign body response and sterile inflammation. Through their ability to sense extracellular cues and ATP, a messenger of intercellular communication, purinergic receptors likely contribute to cell-cell interactions that result in macrophage fusion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".