Enteric Infections by Trematodes and Nematodes in Olrog's Gull, Larus atlanticus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trematodes;and nematodes can be pathogenic helminths of birds.Every year during the breeding season, there is variable mortality among chicks from the largest Olrog's gull (Larus atlanticus) colony in Argentina.During two consecutive breeding seasons of Olrog's gull, we studied epidemiological and pathological aspects of infections by digeneans (Microphallidae) and nematodes (Acuariidae) in Olrog's gull chicks.Prevalence of nematode infection was 80.3% in 2005 and 89.2% in 2006, and mean intensity was 23.7 in 2005 and 50.8 in 2006.The risk for infection rose 34.3% and the intensity of infection 6.7% for every increase of 1 mm in head-beak length.The nematodes occupied the proventricular glands and caused disruption of their structure and mild inflammatory proventriculitis.Prevalence of digenean infection was 97.0% in 2005 and 97.3% in 2006.In 10-day-old live chicks, prevalence was 98.0% in 2006 and 95.3% in 2007.Infection was associated with severe catarrhal enteritis, lymphocyte/ eosinophil-rich inflammatory responses, extensive fibroblast proliferation around the parasites, and disruption of the architecture of the adjacent crypts.RESUMEN.Reporte de Caso-Infecciones ente ´ricas por trematodos y nematodos en gaviotas cangrejeras o de Olrog, Larus atlanticus.Los trematodos y nematodos son helmintos con potencial patoge ´nico en aves.Anualmente, durante la temporada reproductiva de la gaviota cangrejera o de Olrog (Larus atlanticus), se observa mortalidad de magnitud variable entre los polluelos de la colonia ma ´s grande conocida para esta especie, en Argentina.Durante dos temporadas reproductivas de la especie, se estudiaron aspectos epidemiolo ´gicos y patolo ´gicos de infecciones por digeneos (Microphallidae) y nematodos (Acuariidae) en polluelos de gaviota cangrejera.La prevalencia de infeccio ´n por nematodos fue del 80.3% en 2005 y del 89.2% en el 2006, con una intensidad media de 23.7% en el an ˜o 2005 y del 50.8% en el 2006.El riesgo de infeccio ´n aumento ´34.3% y la intensidad de infeccio ´n aumento ´6.7% por cada milı ´metro de aumento en la longitud de la cabeza al pico.Los nematodos ocupaban las gla ´ndulas proventriculares causando alteraciones en su estructura y proventriculitis leve.La prevalencia de infeccio ´n por digeneos fue del 97.0% en el an ˜o 2005 y del 97.3% en an ˜o 2006.La infeccio ´n se asocio ´con enteritis catarral severa, respuesta inflamatoria linfocı ´tica/eosinofı ´lica, proliferacio ´n de fibroblastos alrededor de los para ´sitos y alteracio ´n estructural de las criptas adyacentes.Key words: helminth infections, Larus atlanticus, Olrog's gull Abbreviations: CI 5 confidence
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".