Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract “Capitalism” refers to the economic system that emerged in thirteenth‐century Europe and extends into the present. Sport denotes a variety of cultural practices that exhibit several particular tendencies when they occur within capitalist social formations. The early pursuit of sport‐entertainment revenues pitted promoters and owners against each other. To prevent their own self‐destruction, owners formed leagues which acted as cartels to control costs, prevent economic competition, and to set prices in the marketplace. In their efforts to gain the freedoms all other employees enjoy, the players in North America used labor laws, the courts, and engaged in open conflict with league owners, ultimately defending themselves through unionization. Once drastically underpaid, collective bargaining has balanced owner–player power relationships so that today's professional athletes receive an increasingly fair share of the enormous revenues they generate. Pierre de Coubertin launched the modern Olympic Games in opposition to the crass materialism and decadence of nineteenth‐century capitalism. The International Olympic Committee's decision to revise the “Eligibility Code” in the Olympic Charter removed the last vestiges of amateurism and any barriers that separated the Games from other professionalized sports. The dominant instrumental rationality of the contemporary Games and their enormous profitability have led to questions about child labor, athletes' rights, performance‐enhancing substance use, and corruption.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".