Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter examines the degree to which the most recent generations of young adults have been able to accumulate wealth – including housing wealth – over time in comparison with previous generations, as well as in comparison with other age cohorts. Following a review of the contemporary research on generational wealth inequalities in advanced Anglo nations, the chapter examines Millennial wealth in Canada, paying attention to Canada’s three largest cities: Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. It analyses cohort data on levels of assets, including housing assets, and debts, drawn from Statistics Canada’s Survey of Financial Security (SFS). Variation in the debts and assets held by young adult households, among different cities, and across socio-economic strata, are examined. The analysis demonstrates that the distribution of wealth and its components is far more complex than presented in the mainstream media. Canadian young adults have varied financial situations, and although similar to the experiences of young adults in other nations, the image of “generation rent” that has been applied elsewhere cannot be readily transferred to the Canadian context. Within Canada, young adult households in different cities exhibit very different financial situations and vulnerabilities, suggesting local context matters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.105 | 0.032 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".