On the molecular release induced by ultrasound and microbubbles in cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasound and microbubble (USMB) enhances intracellular uptake through membrane disruption and endocytosis. This study investigates USMB effects on the molecular release incells through membrane-disruption and exocytosis. Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells were loaded with Alexa 647-transferrin (Tfn) to mark recycling endosomes, LAMP-1 antibody was used to mark lysosomes, GFP-transfected RPE cells were used to mark cytoplasm, and 7-AAD was used to assess cell viability. USMB exposure was done at 570kPa peak negative pressure for 1min. The mean fluorescent intensities (MFI) of markers were measured using flow cytometry. USMB induced the release of 19% and 67% of GFP from the cytoplasm in viable and non-viable cells respectively. LAMP-1 antibody MFI increased by 50% and 15-folds in viable and non-viable cells indicating USMB induced release from lysosomes. Furthermore, Tfn release from recycling endosomes increased by 22% only in viable cells. In conclusion, USMB enhances the molecular release from cytoplasm, lysosomes, and recycling endosomes
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".