Do Wintering Harlequin Ducks Forage Nocturnally at High Latitudes?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We monitored radio-tagged Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) to determine whether nocturnal feeding was part of their foraging strategy during winter in south-central Alaska. Despite attributes of our study site (low ambient temperatures, harsh weather, short day length) and study species (small body size, high daytime foraging rates) that would be expected to favor nocturnal foraging, we found no evidence of nocturnal dive-feeding. Signals from eight radio-tagged Harlequin Ducks never exhibited signal loss due to diving during a total of 780 minutes of nocturnal monitoring. In contrast, the same eight birds exhibited signal loss during 62 ± 7% (SE) of 5-minute diurnal monitoring periods (total of 365 minutes of monitoring). Our results suggest that Harlequin Ducks in south-central Alaska face a stringent time constraint on daytime foraging during midwinter. Harlequin Ducks wintering at high latitudes, therefore, may be particularly sensitive to factors that increase foraging requirements or decrease foraging efficiency. ¿Acaso el Pato Histrionicus histrionicus Forrajea Durante la Noche a Altas Latitudes? Resumen. En este estudio monitoreamos patos Histrionicus histrionicus marcados con radio transmisores para determinar si la alimentación nocturna es parte de su estrategia de forrajeo durante el invierno en el sur-centro de Alaska. A pesar de que se esperaría que el forrajeo nocturno fuera favorecido por las características de nuestro sitio de estudio (temperaturas ambientales bajas, clima inclemente, días de corta duración) y de la especie estudiada (tamaño corporal pequeño, altas tasas de forrajeo durante el día), no encontramos evidencia de alimentación mediante buceo en la noche. Las señales emitidas por los transmisores acoplados a ocho individuos nunca se redujeron como consecuencia de actividades de buceo durante un total de 780 minutos de monitoreo nocturno. En contraste, los mismos ocho individuos evidenciaron pérdidas de la señal durante el 62% ± 7% (EE) de los períodos de monitoreo diurnos de cinco minutos de duración (en total se monitorearon 365 minutos). Nuestros resultados sugieren que los patos H. histrionicus están sujetos a una fuerte limitante de tiempo en cuanto al forrajeo diurno durante el invierno medio en el sur-centro de Alaska. Por lo tanto, los individuos que pasan el invierno en latitudes altas podrían ser particularmente sensibles a factores que incrementen los requerimientos de forrajeo o que disminuyan la eficiencia de forrajeo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".