Young star clusters and the structure of the second Galactic quadrant II
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Galactic spiral arms are traced using young objects as giant molecular clouds, H ii regions, OB stars, or young open/embedded clusters. To improve the knowledge of the Galactic structure in the second quadrant we selected, from more than 200 open clusters covered by the SDSS, a sample of 10 young stellar clusters to conduct a spectrophotometric study. Photometric data were provided by SDSS and APASS in the optic bands and by 2MASS and WISE in the infrared. Spectroscopic information was obtained from observations acquired with GMOS/GEMINI complemented with data from the literature. For six of the 10 clusters, distances were also obtained with our astrometric Gaia data analysis. To perform all tasks we used a suite of tools developed by us. Our results show that these open clusters are distributed along three spiral arms, covering distances from 1.8 to 8.0 kpc. We confirm, using our novel spectroscopic data, our previews photometric estimations regarding the Galactic location of the cluster Teutsch 45. We found that it is located beyond the ‘Outer Arm’ and probably belong to the more distant ‘New Arm’ extending its trace almost to the anticentre. Hence, it was possible to get a better picture of the structure of the outer regions of the Galaxy. For clusters with pre-main-sequence populations we also found traces of coeval star formation processes. Regarding spectroscopic data and most massive members of the clusters, we discovered seven B-type stars, all earlier than B4 and we also confirmed the spectral classification of one O8-8.5 type star.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".