Modeling of Bimolecular Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization of Styrene in Batch Reactor and Steady State Analysis of CSTR Reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) is a rapidly developing area in polymer science. Its versatility and ability to produce novel polymer structures are the main reasons which attract both academic and industrial interests. In particular, Nitroxide mediated Radical Polymerization (NMRP) is currently one of the three popular approaches in CRP. Polymeric materials synthesized by NMRP can be utilized for coatings, adhesives, lubricants, gels, thermoplastic and also for biomedical applications. Open literature shows an academic controversy over the kinetic mechanisms of NMRP and also over the kinetic reaction rate parameters. In this study, a kinetic mechanism describing the bimolecular NMRP was thoroughly discussed, reviewed and improved. In fact, two side reactions have been added to the most updated NMRP reaction scheme. Therefore, a kinetic model for a NMRP polymer reactor operating in batch and CSTR modes was developed based on a detailed reaction mechanism for thermal polymerization of styrene and also for bimolecular NMRP of styrene using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) as a radical controller. The kinetic model, consisting of a set of ordinary differential equations, was numerically integrated and validated with a set of experimental data obtained at temperature 120°C and [TEMPO]/[BPO] molar ratio 1.1. This model validation was done by means of a parameter estimation scheme to determine the "best" kinetic parameters. The model predictions were compared with data at 120 and 130°C for [TEMPO]/[BPO] molar ratios of 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3. A good to very good agreement was obtained between the prediction and data. The non-linear behavior of the CSTR polymerization reactor was also analyzed using Matlab continuation program Matcont package. Typical hysteresis behavior, input and output multiplicities, as well as disjoint bifurcations were determined for this reactor. The bifurcation parameters selected are the coolant flow rate, feed stream temperature, residence time, initiator feed stream concentration and controller feed stream concentration. Bifurcation analyses reveal the stable and unstable operating regions of the reaction. Thus, the results obtained can be employed as a guide to develop a process control strategy for a better and safer operation of the NMRP polymerization reactors. Finally, a steady state optimization for the CSTR reactor was carried out in order to identify the optimal operating conditions of the NMRP process.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".