Endothelial Vasomotor Function In Women Assessed By Flow-mediated Dilation Before And After A High-fat Meal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endothelial function is emerging as a surrogate marker for cardiovascular health and may be assessed using a non-invasive technique that employs increased flow and shear stress as a stimulus for brachial artery dilation. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is dependent on a healthy endothelium and the production and release of nitric oxide. In the presence of risk factors for CHD, for example chronic hyperlipidemia, FMD is attenuated. Acute hyperlipidemia, elicited by the ingestion of a high-fat meal has also been shown to impair FMD in healthy individuals for several hours. The resultant dysfunction may be due to increased levels of oxidative stress, suggesting that substances with antioxidant properties may protect against postprandial dysfunction. Estrogen has been shown to affect the endothelium causing the rapid release of nitric oxide. Estrogen may also have antioxidant properties. PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that postmenopausal women without hormone therapy would display impaired FMD following a high-fat meal and premenopausal women with endogenous estrogen, along with postmenopausal women with exogenous estrogen, would not display impaired FMD. METHODS Thirty healthy women were studied, 9 premenopausal, 10 postmenopausal with no hormone supplementation and 11 were postmenopausal taking hormone replacement therapy. FMD was measured following 4.5-mins of arterial occlusion including 1-minute of handgrip exercise after a 12-hour fast and again 3-hours after the ingestion of a high-fat meal (1018kcal, 56g of fat). RESULTS Following the high-fat meal FMD remained unaltered (9.39 ± 0.73 vs. 9.75 ± .0.64%, 8.71 ± 0.86 vs. 8.79 ± 0.79%, 9.80 ± 1.16 vs. 9.73 ± 1.06%, p<0.05) despite a significant increase in plasma TG levels (1.11 ± 0.2 vs. 1.91 ± 0.26mmol/L, 1.17 ± 0.15 vs. 1.86 ± 0.28mmol/L, 1.22 ± 0.24 vs. 1.78 ± 0.26mmol/L, p<0.0001 for premenopausal, postmenopausal and hormone replacement groups respectively). The high-fat meal also elicited a significant increase in insulin (9.45 ± 1.34 vs. 39.10 ± 11.32 ± μIU/ml, 8.89 ± 1.17 vs. 32.39 ± 3.17μIU/ml, 7.80 ± 0.81 vs. 32.63 vs. 4.77μIU/ml, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Preserved FMD after a high-fat meal in this study may be explained by the use of healthy active women. Supported by NSERC Canada and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of ON, Canada
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".