Acoustic Characteristics of Microbubbles: Effect of Acoustic Pressure and Pulse Duration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The acoustic mechanism of ultrasound- Microbubble (MB) mediated sonoporation enhanced permeability of cell membranes has been associated with inertial and stable cavitations. The main objective of this study was to characterise acoustic behaviour of MB, under varying acoustic pressure and pulse duration using passive cavitation detection(PCD) technique. MBs were exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound pulse at varying acoustic pressure (0-1.5 MPa), pulse duration (5-30μs) at pulse repetition frequency of 1 KHz for insonation time of 1 second. The cavitation phenomena of MBs were detected passively using two transducers at center frequencies of 0.5 and 2.25 MHz. The MB acoustic response was characterised using FFT algorithm and cavitation dose method. Results indicated that the nonlinear oscillation of MBs increased with PNP and pulse duration. The integrated cavitation dose (ICD) increased with acoustic pressure and decreased with pulse duration. Definity MB showed greater ICD than Artenga MB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".