Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction This book examines macroeconomic development of the industrial nations during the past 100 years. Among the more notable features of capitalism's progress over this period have been alternating episodes of superior and poor economic performance. The main task of the book is to develop and apply a framework that explains these episodes and the causal linkages between them. The episodes to be analysed include the Great Depression, the golden age that followed World War II, and the current episode of high unemployment that began in the 1970s. Underlying our explanation of these historical developments is an assumption about how developed capitalist economies function that contrasts sharply with the mainstream perception. Mainstream neoclassical thought sees a capitalist system as inherently self-regulating: given some exogenous disturbance, mechanisms operate to steer the economy back to its full employment growth path. In our view, capitalism is not self-regulating, nor is it doomed to self-destruct as some crude Marxian versions of capitalism's development claim. Instead, we see alternating episodes of superior and poor performance as a normal part of capitalist development, and trace them to structural changes. Those who would argue that capitalism is self-regulating (given the usual provisos) not only must believe that an invisible hand is rapidly and continuously clearing markets and providing the signals needed for ecient resource allocation; they must also believe that this same invisible hand is selecting the technologies and institutions from the evolving structural framework that guarantee markets work in this fashion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.176 | 0.055 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".