Faculty Opinions recommendation of The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is mediated through numerous genetic and cellular processes that generate favourable somatic variants of antigen-binding receptors under evolutionary selection pressure by pathogens and other factors.Advances in our understanding of immunity in mammals and other model organisms are revealing the underlying basis and complexity of this remarkable system.Although the evolution of adaptive immunity has been considered to occur by acquisition of novel molecular capabilities, an increasing amount of information from new model systems suggest that co-option and redirection of preexisting systems are the major source of innovation.We combine evidence from a wide range of organisms to obtain an integrated view of the origins and patterns of divergence in adaptive immunity.With our increased understanding of mammalian adaptive immunity over the past decade, we have come to recognize the remarkable complexity of its underlying mechanisms.The core elements of this system are now mechanistically understood, such as DNA rearrangement, the generation of immune recognition diversity and the supporting cellular complexity that selects and expands cell populations expressing favourable antigen-binding receptor variants.General features of mammalian adaptive immunity -such as clonal selection, compartmental differentiation of lymphocytes, somatic hypermutation (SHM), allelic exclusion and a form of immunological memory -appeared before the emergence of the modern jawed vertebrates.Over the past several years, studies of immune receptors and immunity in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate species have revealed several similarities to present-day mammalian immunity and have provided insights into the evolutionary acquisition of immunological complexity 1,2 .We are within reach of important breakthroughs in our understanding of how adaptive immunity evolved in the context of an innate immune system and how these molecularly disparate systems are related and remain interdependent 3 .What has become increasingly clear is that the evolution of adaptive immunity requires the study of Correspondence to G.W.L.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.137 | 0.083 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".