A study of breathing pattern and ventilation in newborn infants and adult subjects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimentally modified breathing pattern in human subjects, by varying the inspired gas mixture or administering different neuromodulators, has been studied extensively in the past, yet unmodified breathing has not. Moreover, most data refer to infants during sleep and adults during wakefulness. We studied the baseline breathing pattern of preterm infants [n= 10; GA 30 (27–34) wk (median, range)]; term infants [n= 10; GA 40 (39–41) wk)], and adult subjects [n= 10; age 31 (17–48) y)] during quiet sleep. A flow-through system was used to measure ventilation. We found: (i) instantaneous ventilation was 0.273 ± 0.006, 0.200 ± 0.003, and 0.135 ± 0.002 Lmin-1.kg-1 in preterm, term infants, and adult subjects; the coefficients of variation were 39%, 25%, and 14% (p <0.01). The greater coefficient of variation in neonates compared to adults related to increased variability in Vt (39% and 25% in preterm and term infants vs 14% in adults; p < 0.01) and f (39% and 22% vs 9%; p < 0.01). The major determinant of frequency in preterm infants was Te (81% variability), Ti varying less (25% variability); (ii) VT/Ti decreased and Ti/Ttot increased with age; (iii) the higher breath-to-breath variability in preterm infants was associated with larger changes in alveolar PCO2 and a larger variability in O2 saturation than later in life. We conclude: (i) the high breath-to-breath variability in frequency in preterm infants closely relates to variation in Te; (ii) decreased effective inspiratory timing (Ti/Ttot) in preterm infants compared with adults likely reflects their high pulmonary impedance; and (iii) greater breath-to-breath variability in ventilation in neonates with large variations in alveolar PCO2 and O2 saturation remains when compared with values in the sleeping adult. We speculate that high variability in Te early in life represents an effort to maintain lung volume through increased post-inspiratory diaphragmatic activity and increased upper airway resistance in an attempt to avoid collapse due to poor chest wall recoil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".