Analysis of discharge techniques for multiple battery systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We consider the problem of scheduling multiple identical batteries for discharge in portable electronic systems. Unlike previous work reporting some experimental data to suggest which scheduling schemes are better than others, we arrive at our general conclusions formally, based on the analysis of an accurate high-level model of battery behavior. Our analytical results show that: (1) the lifetime of a parallel discharge schedule is equal to that of an equivalent monolithic battery, (2) the lifetime of a parallel discharge schedule is no less than that of a sequential discharge schedule, and (3) the lifetime of a switched discharge schedule approaches that of an equivalent monolithic battery as the switching frequency increases. We also derive bounds on the lifetime of a single battery under a constant-rate load, and then extend them to multiple battery systems. Using a low-level battery simulator, we verify our analytical findings with numerical data. For the simulated cases, the parallel discharge schedule resulted in up to 72% higher lifetimes than the sequential discharge schedule but fell short of the lifetime upper bound by up to 29%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".