“A Dragon, Bog-Spawned, Is Now Stretched O’er This Land”: The Ku Klux Klan’s PatrioticProtestantism in the Northeastern Borderlands During the 1920s and 1930s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Ku Klux Klan grew as a movement in Maine and New Brunswick during the 1920s and 1930s. Reflective of a larger wave of anti-Catholicism in the northeastern borderlands, the Klan presented itself as a bulwark against the impact of Catholic participation in civil society and as the defender of a Protestant, Anglo-Saxon culture under siege. Drawing upon Klan publications, public speeches and pronouncements, and private correspondence between Klansmen and sympathetic political figures, this article argues that the growth of the Ku Klux Klan in the Interwar Northeast reflected the construction of a transnational, ethnoreligious identity, termed “Patriotic-Protestantism,” that challenges interpretations of the Klan movement as simply nationalistic and highlights the importance of the borderlands framework to understanding Maine and New Brunswick in the twentieth century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".