Mass Budget of Perfluorooctane Surfactants in Lake Ontario
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perfluorooctane surfactants have been reported in biota,\nwater, and air samples worldwide. Despite these reports, the\nmain environmental sources of these compounds remain\nundefined. To address this gap in knowledge, an annual lake-wide mass budget of eight perfluorooctane surfactants\nwas developed for Lake Ontario. To determine the atmospheric\ncontribution to the mass budget, over-the-lake gas-phase air concentrations for <i>N</i>-EtFOSE and <i>N</i>-EtFOSA and\nparticulate-phase air concentrations for PFOS in any air\nsample are reported for the first time, with mean\nconcentrations when present of 0.5 ± 0.32 (<i>N</i>-EtFOSE gas-phase), 1.1 ± 0.9 (<i>N</i>-EtFOSA gas-phase), and 6.4 ± 3.3\n(PFOS particulate-phase) pg/m<sup>3</sup>. The mass budget finds\ninflow from Lake Erie (14 361 ± 4489 kg Σperfluorooctane\nsurfactants) and wastewater discharge (1762 ± 2697 kg\nΣperfluorooctane surfactants) to be the major sources, while\noutflow through the St. Lawrence River is the dominant\nloss mechanism (22 727 ± 7060 kg/year Σperfluorooctane\nsurfactants). Using the mass budget data, the steady\nstate and measured mean concentrations in the lake water\nare the same at the 95% confidence level.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it